Workshop 9

A) What's the meaning of the phrase "teachers must condition learners"?

It means that we, as teachers, can program our students in simple words, we determine the direction of learning through conditioning and stimulus: reward and punish.

B) Why do you think teachers must present the objetive of the class at the beginning of any activity?

We think that objectives must be presented at the beginning of the class to motivate the students, to guide them, to make them participants like an active part of the class.  With  this you will reach effective knoledge and learning at the same time.

C) Why do you think teachers must provide a challenging fearless enviroment? Refer to challenge and fear.

If we provide a challenge most of the students might feel overwhelmed but if we also provide safe enviroment like free of jokes or mocking we could obtain brilliant results like new ideas, discoveries or different points of view.

D) According to the video, in the constructivist and cognitivism approach, information is moved to long term memory.  What's the difference between the two approaches in this process?

Constructivism: info moves to long term memory while learners are involved in the process of creating their own knoledge based on experiences.
Cognitivism: this is a result of brain process, knoledge transfers from short to long memory, the student store information for later recall. and it is organized logically.


                                                   Behaviorism                      Cognitivism                   Constructivism

Teacher's rol                     Stimulator                        Attention getter organizer          model, guide           
                                                                                conductor and repeater              facilitator

Materials                     Flash cards, games               charts, diagrams, guides            creative outputs
                                                                                                                              proyect, presentations

Precursor                    Skinner                                      Vigotsky                            Vigotsky, Piaget
                                                                                                                              Bruner, Dewey

Cognitive Theories

Theories give us perspective, theories are like different view points, like multiple windows.  We can find 3 different perspectives:  Behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism.

Behaviourism:  This perspective sees mind as a black box where you put information.  Here learning are regular, expected responses and the way to instruct is by repetition and reinforcement, practice gives perfection.

Cognitivism:  This perspective sees mind as a computer a place to store information.  Learning is through a recall of information, tha is when learning occurs.  The instruction is to grab the attention and help the students make sense to that infomation.

Constructivism:  Sees mind as a rizhone, where all different skills are interconected, we learn building knowledge by doing (experience).  The instruction is to guide problem solving through skills.

There are two different types of skills

Descriptive theory: Which answers the question what learning is and how it happens? Learning theory describes learning as an outcome.
Learning theory: answers the question How do we help people learn?  The outcome is the instructional theory that gives methods to foster learning and prescribes ways to learn.

Which one do I prefer?

I think I prefer constructivism due to I'm not a very authoritarian kind of teacher, I mean we were all treated like that when we were children and It is a fact that you don't develop fully your skills and personality if you're constantly under supervision.  For me, it is more effective this model because your students will be motivated and eager to learn always thinking what a new experience they could learn in this process.

3 models

Traditional Education
It is a very formal and authoritarian education based in discipline, punctuality and obedience.

Behaviorism
In this models the behavior is modified or altered by changing the enviroment or the rules so that you will get the result you want, very positivist

Constructivism
This is a theory of knowledge in which we construct our own meaning according to our won reality, in this model we can interact with the learning experience

2)
Traditional Education
Jean Piaget
Maria Montesori
William Spady

Behaviorist
Ivan Pavlov
Alan Kazdin
Albert Bandura

Constructivism
Vigotsky
George Kelly
Humberto Maturana

3.-They just have in common the behaviour conduct of students because in the first one we can see that there is an authoritarian form of seeing the position of the students, the second one tries to change the behavior and the last one thinks that the student could construct their own knowledge .

4.-the main differences are: for the first one it is really important being an obedient person, the second one tries to change the environment just to change the students behaviour , and the third one leaves the student creates their own knowledge a particular thing that couldn’t have been thought before for the traditional education..

Carolina Hinojosa
Felipe Abarca

Comparative chart

	Historical Context	Personal Life	Educational Contribution	Teacher’s Role	Student’s Role
Comenius	Born in the 16th Century in Moravia	Teacher, educator, writter	All education should conform to nature	Skilled in the art of instruction and enjoy his work	To collaborate, participate and to be receptive
San Isidoro	Born in 560 AD in Spain, Cartagena	Erudite and master of Middle ages	Yearn and learn, he proposed division of subjects.	Method called pragmatism	The principal agent.
San Agustin	Born in 354 in Rome	Grammatical exercises	He uses the Paideia to educate children
Pestalozzi	Born in Jan 12, 1746 in Sweeden	Teacher	He focused on children	More open and sensitive towards children development	To be the principal actor, to develop personality and skills
Froebel	Born in 1782 in Germany	Teacher	He created the pre-escolar for children	The teacher has to respect the student	The student is in area of understanding and freedom
Herbart	Born in 1776 in Germany	Philosopher, Psycologist and Teacher	Individual development gives social contribution	To motive students to learn with new methods	To fully develop skills
Dewey	Born in 1859 in USA.	Philosopher Psycologist and Teacher	Theory of Knoledge as experience	Guide and orientation to the students	No more authoritarism, now student can express themselves
Paulo Freire	Born in 1921 In Brazil	Teacher	Critical Pedagogy	He won’t treat his students as empty accounts to fill	To realize that they can achieve social change and to develop a critical thinking
Kant	Born in 1804 in Prusia	Philosopher
Vigotsky	Born in 1896 in Rusia	Lawyer, Teacher	Work with children	Helps the student to develop skills	The student can understand the world around him
Piaget	Born in 1896 in Sweden	Psycologist, philosopher and epistemologist	Cognitive studies	The teacher has to understand the needs and interests of the children	The children are capable to operate according to their stage.
Ausubel	Born in 1918 in USA	Psycologist	Advanced organizers theory	Instructor that helps the student organize new information	Must process and understand the information
	Place, century	Profession	Main Contribution	Function	Function

Presentations

About Comenius I didn't quite understand his MO, but I think I will be very interesting to know more about him.

When we talk about Pablo freire, his way of teaching was more radical and modern than others.

Pestalozzi was really focused on children and how their development is influence by 4 main aspects.

And Rosseau was, undoubtly, a great influence to all of us.

Resemblance

Personally, I feel quite similar to Pestalozzi when he was a child.  I mean, I was really talkative and I got the content quite fast, but what they never told me was that I was smart, no.  They made me feel bad about it.  I guess if I would had been different maybe I would be smarter today.  I think that we as teachers have to focus on our students and their realities, their rhythms, they previous knowledge and how they feel and live.

Pestalozzi

Felipe Abarca
Carolina Hinojosa
Aldo Vegas

1) What is the historical context of this character?

The historical context of Pestalozzi is in the children and more nursery learning. He was in the France revolution helping politically in the education of war orphan and poor children.

2) Describe the character. Mention the main aspects of his life

He was a reckless child at school, without improved skills but his naturalism pedagogy tells about education as an intuitive process. He has a great admiration of Rousseau and his ideas about naturalism, the importance of teaching in equality of sex, the importance of the physical education as Grecian taught.

3) What does this carácter propound in education?

Pestalozzi’s pedagogy focuses on in elementary education and, since 1811, he and his collaborators named the pestazollian system with the name of “very elemental education”.  His education propound that the process of human development (sensitive, intelectual and moral) follows the same evolutive course of the child’s nature, without artificially skip steps of the same.  Pestalozzi sees the education as a “help” that is given to the child in this process to fulfill themselves and the educative and teaching activity is seen as an “art”.  It is from vital importante in Pestalozzi’s pedagogy his method of intuition, through which they can develop his proposal in education.

4) What is the role of the teacher in his model?

The teacher is more a mediator or guide than a conductor. As we see here, Pestalozzi thinks that children have to learn in harmony with nature, but they only need help.  It is the teacher who adapts himself to the child’s mental development and not otherwise.  The teacher doesn’t push the situation, he creates an proper enviroment through sensitive intuition of thing as a global perspectiva.

5) What is the role of the student in this model?

Pestalozzi says that the pedagogy of love, we need to trust on the students’ capacities, because the education follows the humanity development.

6) Give an example of his model in a specific situation.

Pestalozzi  indicates we should enrich the memory of children with simple explanations of objects and material.  In this case students could remember all that has been taught because of the pleasure to learn something new that a tutor who children love, it is easier to get.

Identify the fields of study in Didactics

Definition of Didactics:

Didactics is a fundamental part of the education, and this word has its ethimological origin in two words from the latin; Educare (to lead, to guide, to orientate) and Educere (to extract, to bring light).  Didactics comes from the greek "didajein" which means to teach, to instruct, to expound clearly.
First of all, I have to say that didactics is the science or the art of teaching.
Didactics is the discipline that has a main target, the technique of teaching, which means that It specializes in the way of lead and orientate the students efficiently, in all the levels and in all the processes and methods to achive itl

Domains:
Psychology: It was used by Pavlov, Guthrie, Thondike, Skinner, Ausbel, V. Gotsky.
Pedagogy: Suchas, Dewey, Clopaede, Piaget.
Philosophy: Manier, García, Hoz.
Sociology: Casinet, Kerschensteiner, Makarenko, Apple.

Information Theory and General System.
Comunication Theory, The New School, Renovation Movements.

Teaching: Form a didactic perspective and we could distinguish 4 models.

1.  Technological model.
2.  Process model or investigation at the action.
3. Situational models or artistics.
4.  Socio-critics model.

This is a new subject to me, I guess I want to learn so much more about this beautiful science, teaching obviously, I haven't read much about what is this subject refers to, but I think I will improve what I already know and at the end of the semester, I will be so much closer to become a teacher and better prepared.